Internet Domain Name System Structure and Delegation
Abstract
This document is a summary of current practices of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) in administering RFC 1591, which includes the guidance contained in ccTLD News Memo #1 dated October 23, 1997. It DOES NOT reflect any changes in policy affecting the administration of DNS delegations. It is intended to serve as the basis for possible future discussions of policy in this area. Changes in ICANN/IANA policy will be made following public notice and comment in accordance with the ICANN Bylaws.
Introduction
The IANA is the overall authority for day-to-day administration of the Internet Domain Name System (DNS). IANA staff carry out administrative responsibilities for the assignment of IP Addresses, Autonomous System Numbers, Top Level Domains (TLDs), and other unique parameters of the DNS and its protocols. This document provides general information on IANA policy for administering the DNS. Instructions on procedures to be followed in requesting TLD delegations or changes are available on the website at iana.org.
Top Level Structure of the DNS
The DNS structure contains a hierarchy of names. The root, or highest level, of the system is unnamed. Top Level Domains (TLDs) are divided into classes based on rules that have evolved over time. Most TLDs have been delegated to individual country managers, whose codes are assigned from a table known as ISO-3166-1, which is maintained by an agency of the United Nations. These are called country-code Top Level Domains, or ccTLDs. In addition, there are a limited number of "generic" Top Level Domains (gTLDs), which do not have a geographic or country designation. Responsibility for adoption of procedures and policies for the assignment of Second Level Domain Names (SLDs), and lower level hierarchies of names, has been delegated to TLD managers, subject to the policy guidance contained in this document. Country code domains are each organized by a manager for that country. These managers are performing a public service on behalf of the Internet community. A list of current TLD assignments and names of the delegated managers can be accessed at http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld.htm.
The Management of Delegated Domains
As part of its responsibility for the overall coordination and management of the DNS, the IANA receives and processes all requests for new TLDs and for changes to existing TLDs. The following policies are applicable to management of TLDs. In general, the principles described here apply recursively to all delegations of the Internet DNS name space.
(a) Delegation of a New Top Level Domain. Delegation of a new top level domain requires the completion of a number of procedures, including the identification of a TLD manager with the requisite skills and authority to operate the TLD appropriately. The desires of the government of a country with regard to delegation of a ccTLD are taken very seriously. The IANA will make them a major consideration in any TLD delegation/transfer discussions. Significantly interested parties in the domain should agree that the proposed TLD manager is the appropriate party. The key requirement is that for each domain there be a designated manager for supervising that domain's name space. In the case of ccTLDs, this means that there is a manager that supervises the domain names and operates the domain name system in that country. There must be Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity to the nameservers and electronic mail connectivity to the entire management, staff, and contacts of the manager. There must be an administrative contact and a technical contact for each domain. The administrative contact must reside in the country involved for ccTLDs. The IANA may choose to make partial delegations of a TLD when circumstances, such as those in a developing country, so dictate. It may also authorize a "proxy" DNS service outside of a developing country as a temporary form of assistance to the creation of Internet connectivity in new areas. [N.B. The IANA continues to receive inquiries about delegation of new gTLDs. This is a significant policy issue on which ICANN will conduct a careful study and review based on the established decision making procedures. Information about this study will be disseminated on the website at icann.org.]
(b) TLD Manager Responsibility. TLD managers are trustees for the delegated domain, and have a duty to serve the community. The designated manager is the trustee of the TLD for both the nation, in the case of ccTLDs, and the global Internet community. Concerns about "rights" and "ownership" of domains are inappropriate. It is appropriate, however, to be concerned about "responsibilities" and "service" to the community.
(c) Fair Treatment. The designated manager must be equitable and fair to all groups in the domain that request domain names. Specifically, the same rules must be applied to all requests and they must be processed in a non-discriminatory fashion. The policies and procedures for the use of each TLD must be available for public inspection. Generally these are posted on web pages or made available for file transfer. While variations in policies and procedures from country to country are expected due to local customs and cultural values, they must be documented and available to interested parties. Requests from for-profit and non-profit companies and organizations are to be treated on an equal basis. No bias shall be shown regarding requests that may come from customers of some other business related to the TLD manager. For example, no preferential service for customers of a particular data network provider. There can be no stipulation that a particular application, protocol, or product be used.
(d) Operational Capability. The TLD manager must do a satisfactory job of operating the DNS service for the domain. Duties such as the assignment of domain names, delegation of subdomains and operation of nameservers must be done with technical competence. This includes keeping the IANA or other higher-level domain manager advised of the status of the domain, responding to requests in a timely manner, and operating the database with accuracy, robustness, and resilience. Because of its responsibilities for the DNS, the IANA must be granted access to all TLD zones on a continuing basis. There must be a primary and a secondary nameserver that have IP connectivity to the Internet and can be easily checked via access to zones for operational status and database accuracy by the IANA.
(e) Transfers and Disputes over Delegations. For transfer of TLD management from one organization to another, the higher-level domain manager (the IANA in the case of TLDs), must receive communications from both the old organization and the new organization that assure the IANA that the transfer is mutually agreed, and that the proposed new manager understands its responsibilities. It is also very helpful for the IANA to receive communications from other parties that may be concerned or affected by the transfer. In the event of a conflict over designation of a TLD manager, the IANA tries to have conflicting parties reach agreement among themselves and generally takes no action unless all contending parties agree. On a few occasions, the parties involved in proposed delegations or transfers have not been able to reach an agreement and the IANA has been required to resolve the matter. This is usually a long drawn out process, leaving at least one party unhappy, so it is far better when the parties can reach an agreement among themselves. It is appropriate for interested parties to have a voice in the selection of the designated manager.
(f) Revocation of TLD Delegation. In cases where there is misconduct, or violation of the policies set forth in this document and RFC 1591, or persistent, recurring problems with the proper operation of a domain, the IANA reserves the right to revoke and to redelegate a Top Level Domain to another manager.
(g) Subdelegations of Top Level Domains. There are no requirements for management of subdomains of TLDs, including subdelegations, beyond the requirements for TLDs stated in this document and RFC 1591. In particular, all subdomains shall be allowed to operate their own domain nameservers, providing in them whatever information the subdomain manager sees fit, as long as it is true and correct.
(h) Rights to Domain Names. The IANA has no special requirement for policies to be followed by TLD managers in connection with disputes over rights to domain names other than those stated generally in this document and RFC 1591. Please note, however, that use of a particular domain name may be subject to applicable laws, including those concerning trademarks and other types of intellectual property.
(i) Uses of ISO 3166-1 Table. The IANA is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO-3166-1 list as a basis for country code top-level domain names was made with the knowledge that ISO has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list. For more information about the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency, please see the following webpage: http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/iso3166ma/index.html.
(j) Maintenance Procedure for Root Zone File. The primary root zone file is currently located on the A root server, which is operated by Network Solutions, Inc.(NSI), under a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Government. Changes to the root zone file are made by NSI according to procedures established under Amendment 11 of that cooperative agreement.
This file last mo
Wednesday, July 16, 2008
How to install and use the Recovery Console in Windows XP
How to install and use the Recovery Console in Windows XP
SUMMARY
To recover your operating system when your computer does not start correctly or does not start at all, you may want to install and use the Windows Recovery Console. to the topHowever, Microsoft recommends this method of system recovery for advanced users only. Also, learn about the Recovery Console command prompt, command actions, rules, how to remove the Recovery Console, and how to install it during an unattended installation.
INTRODUCTION
Microsoft recommends that you use the Recovery Console only after Safe mode and other startup options do not work. The Recovery Console is recommended only if you are an advanced user who can use basic commands to identify and locate problem drivers and files. Additionally, you must be an administrator to use the Recovery Console.
Back to the top
MORE INFORMATION
How to install the Recovery Console
You can install the Recovery Console on your computer to make it available if you cannot restart Windows. You can then select the Recovery Console option from the list of available operating systems during startup. Install the Recovery Console on important servers and on the workstations of IT personnel. This article describes how to install the Recovery Console to your Microsoft Windows XP-based computer. To install the Recovery Console, you must be logged on as an administrator.
Although you can run the Recovery Console by starting directly from the Windows XP CD, it is generally more convenient to set it up as a startup option on your startup menu. To run the Recover Console directly from the CD, see the "How to use the Recovery Console" section.
To install the Recovery Console, follow these steps:
1. Insert the Windows XP CD into the CD-ROM drive.
2. Click Start, and then click Run.
3. In the Open box, type d:\i386\winnt32.exe /cmdcons where d is the drive letter for the CD-ROM drive.
4. A Windows Setup Dialog Box appears. The Windows Setup Dialog Box describes the Recovery Console option. To confirm the installation, click Yes.
5. Restart the computer. The next time that you start your computer, "Microsoft Windows Recovery Console" appears on the startup menu.
Alternatively, you can use a Universal Naming Convention (UNC)-established connection to install the Recovery Console from a network share point.
Note You may receive an error message that is similar the following:
Setup cannot continue because the version of Windows on your computer is newer than the version on the CD.
If this problem occurs, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
898594 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/898594/) You receive an error message if you try to install the Recovery Console on a Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2-based computer
Back to the top
How to use the Recovery Console
You can enable and disable services, format drives, read and write data on a local drive (including drives that are formatted to use the NTFS file system), and perform many other administrative tasks. The Recovery Console is particularly useful if you have to repair your computer by copying a file from a disk or CD-ROM to your hard disk, or if you have to reconfigure a service that is preventing your computer from starting correctly.
If you cannot start your computer, you can run the Recovery Console from the Microsoft Windows XP startup disks or the Windows XP CD-ROM. This article describes how to perform this task.
After Windows XP is installed on your computer, to start the computer and use the Recovery Console you require the Windows XP startup disks or the Windows XP CD-ROM.
For more information about how to create Startup disks for Windows XP (they are not included with Windows XP), click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
310994 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310994/) Obtaining Windows XP Setup boot disks
Note To start the computer from the Windows XP CD-ROM, you must configure the basic input/output system (BIOS) of the computer to start from your CD-ROM drive.
To run the Recovery Console from the Windows XP startup disks or the Windows XP CD-ROM, follow these steps:
1. Insert the Windows XP startup disk into the floppy disk drive, or insert the Windows XP CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive, and then restart the computer.
Click to select any options that are required to start the computer from the CD-ROM drive if you are prompted.
2. When the "Welcome to Setup" screen appears, press R to start the Recovery Console.
3. If you have a dual-boot or multiple-boot computer, select the installation that you must access from the Recovery Console.
4. When you are prompted, type the Administrator password. If the administrator password is blank, just press ENTER.
5. At the command prompt, type the appropriate commands to diagnose and repair your Windows XP installation.
For a list of commands that are available in Recovery Console, type recovery console commands or help at the command prompt, and then press ENTER.
For information about a specific command, type help commandname at the command prompt, and then press ENTER.
6. To exit the Recovery Console and restart the computer, type exit at the command prompt, and then press ENTER.
Back to the top
How to use the Recovery Console command prompt
When you use the Recovery Console, you are working at a special command prompt instead of the ordinary Windows command prompt. The Recovery Console has its own command interpreter. To enter this command interpreter, you are prompted by Recovery Console to type the local Administrator password.
When the Recovery Console starts, you can press F6 to install a third-party SCSI or RAID driver, in case you need such a driver to access the hard disk. This prompt works the same as it does during installation of the operating system.
The Recovery Console takes several seconds to start. When the Recovery Console menu appears, a numbered list of the Windows installations on the computer appears. (Generally, only c:\Windows exists.) Press a number before you press ENTER, even when only one entry appears. If you press ENTER without selecting a number, the computer restarts and begins the process again.
When you see the prompt for %SystemRoot% (generally C:\Windows), you can start using the available commands for the Recovery Console.
Back
Command actions
The following list describes the available commands for the Recovery Console:
• Attrib changes attributes on one file or subdirectory.
• Batch executes commands that you specify in the text file, Inputfile. Outputfile holds the output of the commands. If you omit the Outputfile parameter, output appears on the screen.
• Bootcfg modifies the Boot.ini file for boot configuration and recovery.
• CD (Chdir) operates only in the system directories of the current Windows installation, removable media, the root directory of any hard disk partition, or the local installation sources.
• Chkdsk The /p switch runs Chkdsk even if the drive is not flagged as dirty. The /r switch locates bad sectors and recovers readable information. This switch implies /p. Chkdsk requires Autochk. Chkdsk automatically looks for Autochk.exe in the startup folder. If Chkdsk cannot find the file in the startup folder, it looks for the Windows 2000 Setup CD-ROM. If Chkdsk cannot find the installation CD-ROM, Chkdsk prompts the user for the location of Autochk.exe.
• Cls clears the screen.
• Copy copies one file to a target location. By default, the target cannot be removable media, and you cannot use wildcard characters. Copying a compressed file from the Windows 2000 Setup CD-ROM automatically decompresses the file.
• Del (Delete) deletes one file. Operates within the system directories of the current Windows installation, removable media, the root directory of any hard disk partition, or the local installation sources. By default, you cannot use wildcard characters.
• Dir displays a list of all files, including hidden and system files.
• Disable disables a Windows system service or driver. The variable service_or_driver is the name of the service or driver that you want to disable. When you use this command to disable a service, the command displays the service's original startup type before it changes the type to SERVICE_DISABLED. Note the original startup type so that you can use the enable command to restart the service.
• Diskpart manages partitions on hard disk volumes. The /add option creates a new partition. The /delete option deletes an existing partition. The variable device is the device name for a new partition (such as \device\harddisk0). The variable drive is the drive letter for a partition that you are deleting (for example, D). Partition is the partition-based name for a partition that you are deleting, (for example: \device\harddisk0\partition1) and can be used instead of the drive variable. The variable size is the size, in megabytes, of a new partition.
• Enable enables a Windows system service or driver. The variable service_or_driver is the name of the service or driver that you want to enable, and start_type is the startup type for an enabled service. The startup type uses one of the following formats:
SERVICE_BOOT_START
SERVICE_SYSTEM_START
SERVICE_AUTO_START
SERVICE_DEMAND_START
• Exit quits the Recovery Console, and then restarts the computer.
• Expand expands a compressed file. The variable source is the file that you want to expand. By default, you cannot use wildcard characters. The variable destination is the directory for the new file. By default, the destination cannot be removable media and cannot be read-only. You can use the attrib command to remove the read-only attribute from the destination directory. The option /f:filespec is required if the source contains more than one file. This option permits wildcard characters. The /y switch disables the overwrite confirmation prompt. The /d switch specifies that the files will not be expanded and displays a directory of the files in the source.
• Fixboot writes a new startup sector on the system partition.
• Fixmbr repairs the startup partition's master boot code. The variable device is an optional name that specifies the device that requires a new Master Boot Record. Omit this variable when the target is the startup device.
• Format formats a disk. The /q switch performs a quick format. The /fs switch specifies the file system.
• Help If you do not use the command variable to specify a command, help lists all the commands that the Recovery Console supports.
• Listsvc displays all available services and drivers on the computer.
• Logon displays detected installations of Windows and requests the local Administrator password for those installations. Use this command to move to another installation or subdirectory.
• Map displays currently active device mappings. Include the arc option to specify the use of Advanced RISC Computing (ARC) paths (the format for Boot.ini) instead of Windows device paths.
• MD (Mkdir) operates only within the system directories of the current Windows installation, removable media, the root directory of any hard disk partition, or the local installation sources.
• More/Type displays the specified text file on screen.
• Rd (Rmdir) operates only within the system directories of the current Windows installation, removable media, the root directory of any hard disk partition, or the local installation sources.
• Ren (Rename) operates only within the system directories of the current Windows installation, removable media, the root directory of any hard disk partition, or the local installation sources. You cannot specify a new drive or path as the target.
• Set displays and sets the Recovery Console environment variables.
• Systemroot sets the current directory to %SystemRoot%.
Recovery Console rules
Several environment rules are in effect while you are working in the Recovery Console. Type set to see the current environment. By default, these are the rules:
• AllowAllPaths = FALSE prevents access to directories and subdirectories outside the system installation that you selected when you entered the Recovery Console.
• AllowRemovableMedia = FALSE prevents access to removable media as a target for copied files.
• AllowWildCards = FALSE prevents wildcard support for commands such as copy and del.
• NoCopyPrompt = FALSE means that you are prompted by the Recovery Console for confirmation when overwriting an existing file.
How to delete the Recovery Console
To delete the Recovery Console:
1. Restart your computer, click Start, click My Computer, and then double-click the hard disk where you installed the Recovery Console.
2. On the Tools menu, click Folder Options, and then click the View tab.
3. Click Show hidden files and folders, click to clear the Hide protected operating system files check box, and then click OK.
4. At the root folder, delete the Cmdcons folder and the Cmldr file.
5. At the root folder, right-click the Boot.ini file, and then click Properties.
6. Click to clear the Read-only check box, and then click OK.
Warning: Modifying the Boot.ini file incorrectly may prevent your computer from restarting. Make sure that you delete only the entry for the Recovery Console. Also, change the attribute for the Boot.ini file back to a read-only state after you finish this procedure. Open the Boot.ini file in Microsoft Windows Notepad, and remove the entry for the Recovery Console. It looks similar to this:
C:\cmdcons\bootsect.dat="Microsoft Windows Recovery Console" /cmdcons
7. Save the file and close it.
How to install Recovery Console during an unattended installation
To install the Recovery Console during the unattended installation of Windows, you must use the [GuiRunOnce] section of the unattend.txt file.
Command1="path\winnt32 /cmdcons /unattend"
For more information about how to use the Unattend.txt file, see the Deployment Planning Guide of the Windows 2000 Server Resource Kit.
SUMMARY
To recover your operating system when your computer does not start correctly or does not start at all, you may want to install and use the Windows Recovery Console. to the topHowever, Microsoft recommends this method of system recovery for advanced users only. Also, learn about the Recovery Console command prompt, command actions, rules, how to remove the Recovery Console, and how to install it during an unattended installation.
INTRODUCTION
Microsoft recommends that you use the Recovery Console only after Safe mode and other startup options do not work. The Recovery Console is recommended only if you are an advanced user who can use basic commands to identify and locate problem drivers and files. Additionally, you must be an administrator to use the Recovery Console.
Back to the top
MORE INFORMATION
How to install the Recovery Console
You can install the Recovery Console on your computer to make it available if you cannot restart Windows. You can then select the Recovery Console option from the list of available operating systems during startup. Install the Recovery Console on important servers and on the workstations of IT personnel. This article describes how to install the Recovery Console to your Microsoft Windows XP-based computer. To install the Recovery Console, you must be logged on as an administrator.
Although you can run the Recovery Console by starting directly from the Windows XP CD, it is generally more convenient to set it up as a startup option on your startup menu. To run the Recover Console directly from the CD, see the "How to use the Recovery Console" section.
To install the Recovery Console, follow these steps:
1. Insert the Windows XP CD into the CD-ROM drive.
2. Click Start, and then click Run.
3. In the Open box, type d:\i386\winnt32.exe /cmdcons where d is the drive letter for the CD-ROM drive.
4. A Windows Setup Dialog Box appears. The Windows Setup Dialog Box describes the Recovery Console option. To confirm the installation, click Yes.
5. Restart the computer. The next time that you start your computer, "Microsoft Windows Recovery Console" appears on the startup menu.
Alternatively, you can use a Universal Naming Convention (UNC)-established connection to install the Recovery Console from a network share point.
Note You may receive an error message that is similar the following:
Setup cannot continue because the version of Windows on your computer is newer than the version on the CD.
If this problem occurs, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
898594 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/898594/) You receive an error message if you try to install the Recovery Console on a Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2-based computer
Back to the top
How to use the Recovery Console
You can enable and disable services, format drives, read and write data on a local drive (including drives that are formatted to use the NTFS file system), and perform many other administrative tasks. The Recovery Console is particularly useful if you have to repair your computer by copying a file from a disk or CD-ROM to your hard disk, or if you have to reconfigure a service that is preventing your computer from starting correctly.
If you cannot start your computer, you can run the Recovery Console from the Microsoft Windows XP startup disks or the Windows XP CD-ROM. This article describes how to perform this task.
After Windows XP is installed on your computer, to start the computer and use the Recovery Console you require the Windows XP startup disks or the Windows XP CD-ROM.
For more information about how to create Startup disks for Windows XP (they are not included with Windows XP), click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
310994 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310994/) Obtaining Windows XP Setup boot disks
Note To start the computer from the Windows XP CD-ROM, you must configure the basic input/output system (BIOS) of the computer to start from your CD-ROM drive.
To run the Recovery Console from the Windows XP startup disks or the Windows XP CD-ROM, follow these steps:
1. Insert the Windows XP startup disk into the floppy disk drive, or insert the Windows XP CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive, and then restart the computer.
Click to select any options that are required to start the computer from the CD-ROM drive if you are prompted.
2. When the "Welcome to Setup" screen appears, press R to start the Recovery Console.
3. If you have a dual-boot or multiple-boot computer, select the installation that you must access from the Recovery Console.
4. When you are prompted, type the Administrator password. If the administrator password is blank, just press ENTER.
5. At the command prompt, type the appropriate commands to diagnose and repair your Windows XP installation.
For a list of commands that are available in Recovery Console, type recovery console commands or help at the command prompt, and then press ENTER.
For information about a specific command, type help commandname at the command prompt, and then press ENTER.
6. To exit the Recovery Console and restart the computer, type exit at the command prompt, and then press ENTER.
Back to the top
How to use the Recovery Console command prompt
When you use the Recovery Console, you are working at a special command prompt instead of the ordinary Windows command prompt. The Recovery Console has its own command interpreter. To enter this command interpreter, you are prompted by Recovery Console to type the local Administrator password.
When the Recovery Console starts, you can press F6 to install a third-party SCSI or RAID driver, in case you need such a driver to access the hard disk. This prompt works the same as it does during installation of the operating system.
The Recovery Console takes several seconds to start. When the Recovery Console menu appears, a numbered list of the Windows installations on the computer appears. (Generally, only c:\Windows exists.) Press a number before you press ENTER, even when only one entry appears. If you press ENTER without selecting a number, the computer restarts and begins the process again.
When you see the prompt for %SystemRoot% (generally C:\Windows), you can start using the available commands for the Recovery Console.
Back
Command actions
The following list describes the available commands for the Recovery Console:
• Attrib changes attributes on one file or subdirectory.
• Batch executes commands that you specify in the text file, Inputfile. Outputfile holds the output of the commands. If you omit the Outputfile parameter, output appears on the screen.
• Bootcfg modifies the Boot.ini file for boot configuration and recovery.
• CD (Chdir) operates only in the system directories of the current Windows installation, removable media, the root directory of any hard disk partition, or the local installation sources.
• Chkdsk The /p switch runs Chkdsk even if the drive is not flagged as dirty. The /r switch locates bad sectors and recovers readable information. This switch implies /p. Chkdsk requires Autochk. Chkdsk automatically looks for Autochk.exe in the startup folder. If Chkdsk cannot find the file in the startup folder, it looks for the Windows 2000 Setup CD-ROM. If Chkdsk cannot find the installation CD-ROM, Chkdsk prompts the user for the location of Autochk.exe.
• Cls clears the screen.
• Copy copies one file to a target location. By default, the target cannot be removable media, and you cannot use wildcard characters. Copying a compressed file from the Windows 2000 Setup CD-ROM automatically decompresses the file.
• Del (Delete) deletes one file. Operates within the system directories of the current Windows installation, removable media, the root directory of any hard disk partition, or the local installation sources. By default, you cannot use wildcard characters.
• Dir displays a list of all files, including hidden and system files.
• Disable disables a Windows system service or driver. The variable service_or_driver is the name of the service or driver that you want to disable. When you use this command to disable a service, the command displays the service's original startup type before it changes the type to SERVICE_DISABLED. Note the original startup type so that you can use the enable command to restart the service.
• Diskpart manages partitions on hard disk volumes. The /add option creates a new partition. The /delete option deletes an existing partition. The variable device is the device name for a new partition (such as \device\harddisk0). The variable drive is the drive letter for a partition that you are deleting (for example, D). Partition is the partition-based name for a partition that you are deleting, (for example: \device\harddisk0\partition1) and can be used instead of the drive variable. The variable size is the size, in megabytes, of a new partition.
• Enable enables a Windows system service or driver. The variable service_or_driver is the name of the service or driver that you want to enable, and start_type is the startup type for an enabled service. The startup type uses one of the following formats:
SERVICE_BOOT_START
SERVICE_SYSTEM_START
SERVICE_AUTO_START
SERVICE_DEMAND_START
• Exit quits the Recovery Console, and then restarts the computer.
• Expand expands a compressed file. The variable source is the file that you want to expand. By default, you cannot use wildcard characters. The variable destination is the directory for the new file. By default, the destination cannot be removable media and cannot be read-only. You can use the attrib command to remove the read-only attribute from the destination directory. The option /f:filespec is required if the source contains more than one file. This option permits wildcard characters. The /y switch disables the overwrite confirmation prompt. The /d switch specifies that the files will not be expanded and displays a directory of the files in the source.
• Fixboot writes a new startup sector on the system partition.
• Fixmbr repairs the startup partition's master boot code. The variable device is an optional name that specifies the device that requires a new Master Boot Record. Omit this variable when the target is the startup device.
• Format formats a disk. The /q switch performs a quick format. The /fs switch specifies the file system.
• Help If you do not use the command variable to specify a command, help lists all the commands that the Recovery Console supports.
• Listsvc displays all available services and drivers on the computer.
• Logon displays detected installations of Windows and requests the local Administrator password for those installations. Use this command to move to another installation or subdirectory.
• Map displays currently active device mappings. Include the arc option to specify the use of Advanced RISC Computing (ARC) paths (the format for Boot.ini) instead of Windows device paths.
• MD (Mkdir) operates only within the system directories of the current Windows installation, removable media, the root directory of any hard disk partition, or the local installation sources.
• More/Type displays the specified text file on screen.
• Rd (Rmdir) operates only within the system directories of the current Windows installation, removable media, the root directory of any hard disk partition, or the local installation sources.
• Ren (Rename) operates only within the system directories of the current Windows installation, removable media, the root directory of any hard disk partition, or the local installation sources. You cannot specify a new drive or path as the target.
• Set displays and sets the Recovery Console environment variables.
• Systemroot sets the current directory to %SystemRoot%.
Recovery Console rules
Several environment rules are in effect while you are working in the Recovery Console. Type set to see the current environment. By default, these are the rules:
• AllowAllPaths = FALSE prevents access to directories and subdirectories outside the system installation that you selected when you entered the Recovery Console.
• AllowRemovableMedia = FALSE prevents access to removable media as a target for copied files.
• AllowWildCards = FALSE prevents wildcard support for commands such as copy and del.
• NoCopyPrompt = FALSE means that you are prompted by the Recovery Console for confirmation when overwriting an existing file.
How to delete the Recovery Console
To delete the Recovery Console:
1. Restart your computer, click Start, click My Computer, and then double-click the hard disk where you installed the Recovery Console.
2. On the Tools menu, click Folder Options, and then click the View tab.
3. Click Show hidden files and folders, click to clear the Hide protected operating system files check box, and then click OK.
4. At the root folder, delete the Cmdcons folder and the Cmldr file.
5. At the root folder, right-click the Boot.ini file, and then click Properties.
6. Click to clear the Read-only check box, and then click OK.
Warning: Modifying the Boot.ini file incorrectly may prevent your computer from restarting. Make sure that you delete only the entry for the Recovery Console. Also, change the attribute for the Boot.ini file back to a read-only state after you finish this procedure. Open the Boot.ini file in Microsoft Windows Notepad, and remove the entry for the Recovery Console. It looks similar to this:
C:\cmdcons\bootsect.dat="Microsoft Windows Recovery Console" /cmdcons
7. Save the file and close it.
How to install Recovery Console during an unattended installation
To install the Recovery Console during the unattended installation of Windows, you must use the [GuiRunOnce] section of the unattend.txt file.
Command1="path\winnt32 /cmdcons /unattend"
For more information about how to use the Unattend.txt file, see the Deployment Planning Guide of the Windows 2000 Server Resource Kit.
How to Use the Backup Utility to Back Up Files and Folders in Windows XP Home Edition
How to Use the Backup Utility to Back Up Files and Folders in Windows XP Home Edition
SUMMARY
This article describes how to use the Backup utility that is included with Windows XP to back up files and folders on your computer.
MORE INFORMATION
You can use the Backup utility in Windows XP to help you protect your data if your hard disk fails or if you accidentally delete files. You can use Backup to create a duplicate copy of all of the data on your hard disk, and then archive it on another storage device, such as a hard disk or a tape.
If the original data on your hard disk is either accidentally deleted or overwritten, or if it becomes inaccessible because of a hard-disk malfunction, you can easily restore the data from the disk or the archived copy by using the Restore Wizard.
The Backup utility is not included in the default installation of Windows XP Home Edition. The Backup icon is not present on the Start menu in Windows XP Home Edition, and Backup is not listed in the Add or Remove Programs tool in Windows XP Home Edition. The Backup utility is included on the Windows XP Home Edition CD-ROM in the ValueAdd folder. To use Backup, you must install the utility manually.
For additional information about how to install the Backup utility for Windows XP Home Edition, click the article number below to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
302894 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/302894/EN-US/) HOW TO: Install Backup from the CD-ROM in Windows XP Home Edition
NOTE: If you use Backup in Windows XP Home Edition, Automated System Recovery (ASR) is not a supported feature. You can use the current version of Windows XP Home Edition to start the configuration process for ASR, but you cannot complete the process
For additional information about errors that occur if you try to use the ASR feature with Windows XP Home Edition, click the article numbers below to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
302700 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/302700/EN-US/) An Error Message Is Displayed When You Attempt to Use the Automated System Recovery Wizard
How to Back Up Files and Folders
After you install the Backup utility from the CD, complete the following procedure to create a backup of your files and folders.
NOTE: You must have administrative rights on your computer to back up files and folders.
1. Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Backup.
2. After the Backup or Restore Wizard starts, click Advanced Mode.
NOTE: If the Backup and Restore Wizard does not start automatically, click Backup Wizard on the Tools menu to back up files.
3. Click the Backup tab.
4. Click New on the Job menu.
5. Click to select the check boxes next to the drives that you want to back up.
If you want to select specific files or folders, expand the drive on which these files or folders are located, and then click the check boxes next to the files or folders that you want to back up.
6. Click to select the System State check box that is located under My Computer in the left pane.
NOTE: If you want to back up your computer settings and your data files, Microsoft recommends that you back up all of the data on your computer plus the System State data that includes items such as the registry, the COM+ class registration database, files under Windows File Protection, and boot files.
7. In the Backup destination list, click the backup destination that you want to use.
8. If you clicked File in the previous step, type the full path and file name to which you want to back up data in the Backup media or file name box.
NOTE: You can also specify a network share as a destination for the backup file. Typically, backup files have the .bkf file name extension; however, you can use any file name extension.
9. Click Start Backup.
10. Under If the media already contains backups, perform one of the following steps:
• If you want to append this backup file to previous backup files, click Append this backup to the media.
• If you want to overwrite previous backup files with this backup file, click Replace the data on the media with this backup.
11. Click Advanced.
12. Click to select the Verify data after backup check box.
13. In the Backup Type box, click the type of backup that you want to create.
You can select any of the following backup types:
• Normal
• Copy
• Differential
• Incremental
• Daily
When you click a backup type, a description of that backup type appears under "Description."
14. Click OK, and then click Start Backup.
15. When the backup is complete, click Close.
You can use Backup to back up and restore data on either FAT16, FAT32, or NTFS volumes. However, if you back up data from an NTFS volume that is used in Windows XP, Microsoft recommends that you restore the data to an NTFS volume that is used in Windows XP. If you do not do so, you can lose data and some file and folder features.
Some file systems might not support all of the features of other file systems. For example, the following features are lost if you back up data from an NTFS volume that is used in Windows XP, and then restore the data to a FAT volume or an NTFS volume that is used in Windows NT 4.0:
• Permissions
• Encrypting File System (EFS) settings
• Disk quota information
• Mounted drive information
• Remote Storage information
If you want to back up your computer, Microsoft recommends that you back up all of the data on your computer and the System State data, which includes the registry. You can only back up the System State data on a local computer. You cannot back up the System State data on a remote computer.
SUMMARY
This article describes how to use the Backup utility that is included with Windows XP to back up files and folders on your computer.
MORE INFORMATION
You can use the Backup utility in Windows XP to help you protect your data if your hard disk fails or if you accidentally delete files. You can use Backup to create a duplicate copy of all of the data on your hard disk, and then archive it on another storage device, such as a hard disk or a tape.
If the original data on your hard disk is either accidentally deleted or overwritten, or if it becomes inaccessible because of a hard-disk malfunction, you can easily restore the data from the disk or the archived copy by using the Restore Wizard.
The Backup utility is not included in the default installation of Windows XP Home Edition. The Backup icon is not present on the Start menu in Windows XP Home Edition, and Backup is not listed in the Add or Remove Programs tool in Windows XP Home Edition. The Backup utility is included on the Windows XP Home Edition CD-ROM in the ValueAdd folder. To use Backup, you must install the utility manually.
For additional information about how to install the Backup utility for Windows XP Home Edition, click the article number below to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
302894 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/302894/EN-US/) HOW TO: Install Backup from the CD-ROM in Windows XP Home Edition
NOTE: If you use Backup in Windows XP Home Edition, Automated System Recovery (ASR) is not a supported feature. You can use the current version of Windows XP Home Edition to start the configuration process for ASR, but you cannot complete the process
For additional information about errors that occur if you try to use the ASR feature with Windows XP Home Edition, click the article numbers below to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
302700 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/302700/EN-US/) An Error Message Is Displayed When You Attempt to Use the Automated System Recovery Wizard
How to Back Up Files and Folders
After you install the Backup utility from the CD, complete the following procedure to create a backup of your files and folders.
NOTE: You must have administrative rights on your computer to back up files and folders.
1. Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Backup.
2. After the Backup or Restore Wizard starts, click Advanced Mode.
NOTE: If the Backup and Restore Wizard does not start automatically, click Backup Wizard on the Tools menu to back up files.
3. Click the Backup tab.
4. Click New on the Job menu.
5. Click to select the check boxes next to the drives that you want to back up.
If you want to select specific files or folders, expand the drive on which these files or folders are located, and then click the check boxes next to the files or folders that you want to back up.
6. Click to select the System State check box that is located under My Computer in the left pane.
NOTE: If you want to back up your computer settings and your data files, Microsoft recommends that you back up all of the data on your computer plus the System State data that includes items such as the registry, the COM+ class registration database, files under Windows File Protection, and boot files.
7. In the Backup destination list, click the backup destination that you want to use.
8. If you clicked File in the previous step, type the full path and file name to which you want to back up data in the Backup media or file name box.
NOTE: You can also specify a network share as a destination for the backup file. Typically, backup files have the .bkf file name extension; however, you can use any file name extension.
9. Click Start Backup.
10. Under If the media already contains backups, perform one of the following steps:
• If you want to append this backup file to previous backup files, click Append this backup to the media.
• If you want to overwrite previous backup files with this backup file, click Replace the data on the media with this backup.
11. Click Advanced.
12. Click to select the Verify data after backup check box.
13. In the Backup Type box, click the type of backup that you want to create.
You can select any of the following backup types:
• Normal
• Copy
• Differential
• Incremental
• Daily
When you click a backup type, a description of that backup type appears under "Description."
14. Click OK, and then click Start Backup.
15. When the backup is complete, click Close.
You can use Backup to back up and restore data on either FAT16, FAT32, or NTFS volumes. However, if you back up data from an NTFS volume that is used in Windows XP, Microsoft recommends that you restore the data to an NTFS volume that is used in Windows XP. If you do not do so, you can lose data and some file and folder features.
Some file systems might not support all of the features of other file systems. For example, the following features are lost if you back up data from an NTFS volume that is used in Windows XP, and then restore the data to a FAT volume or an NTFS volume that is used in Windows NT 4.0:
• Permissions
• Encrypting File System (EFS) settings
• Disk quota information
• Mounted drive information
• Remote Storage information
If you want to back up your computer, Microsoft recommends that you back up all of the data on your computer and the System State data, which includes the registry. You can only back up the System State data on a local computer. You cannot back up the System State data on a remote computer.
How to use Disk Management to configure basic disks in Windows XP
How to use Disk Management to configure basic disks in Windows XP
INTRODUCTION
This step-by-step article describes how to use the Windows XP Disk Management snap-in to configure a basic disk and prepare it for use. This article also describes how to create and delete partitions, and how to format volumes with the FAT, FAT32, or NTFS file systems.
MORE INFORMATION
Basic disks and volumes
Basic disk storage supports partition-oriented disks. A basic disk is a physical disk that contains primary partitions, extended partitions, or logical drives. Partitions and logical drives on basic disks are also known as basic volumes. You can create up to four primary partitions, or three primary partitions and one extended partition, that contain logical drives.
If you are running Windows XP Professional and one or more of the following operating systems on the same computer, you must use basic volumes, because these operating systems cannot access data that is stored on dynamic volumes:
• Windows XP Home Edition
• Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 or earlier
• Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition (Me)
• Microsoft Windows 98
• Microsoft Windows 95
• MS-DOS
How to use Disk Management
To start Disk Management:
1. Log on as administrator or as a member of the Administrators group.
2. Click Start, click Run, type compmgmt.msc, and then click OK.
3. In the console tree, click Disk Management. The Disk Management window appears. Your disks and volumes appear in a graphical view and list view. To customize how you view your disks and volumes in the upper and lower panes of the window, point to Top or Bottom on the View menu, and then click the view that you want to use.
NOTE: Microsoft recommends that you create a full back up of your disk contents before you make any changes to your disks or volumes.
How to create a new partition or a new logical drive
To create a new partition or logical drive on a basic disk:
1. In the Disk Management window, complete one of the following procedures, and then continue to step 2:
• To create a new partition, right-click unallocated space on the basic disk where you want to create the partition, and then click New Partition.
• To create a new logical drive in an extended partition, right-click free space on an extended partition where you want to create the logical drive, and then click New Logical Drive.
2. In the New Partition Wizard, click Next.
3. Click the type of partition that you want to create (either Primary partition, Extended partition, or Logical drive), and then click Next.
4. Specify the size of the partition in the Partition size in MB box, and then click Next.
5. Decide whether to manually assign a drive letter, let the system automatically enumerate the drive, or do not assign a drive letter to the new partition or logical drive, and then click Next.
6. Specify the formatting options you want to use by using one of the following procedures:
• If you do not want to format the partition, click Do not format this partition, and then click Next.
• If you want to format the partition, click Format this partition with the following settings, and then complete the following procedure in the Format dialog box:
a. Type a name for the volume in the Volume label box. This is an optional step.
b. Click the file system that you want to use in the File system box.
You can change the disk allocation unit size, and then specify whether to perform a quick format, or enable file and folder compression on NTFS volumes.
Click Next.
7. Confirm that the options that selected are correct, and then click Finish.
The new partition or logical drive is created and appears in the appropriate basic disk in the Disk Management window. If you chose to format the volume in step 6, the format process now starts.
How to format a basic volume
To format a partition, logical drive or basic volume:
1. In the Disk Management window, right-click the partition or logical drive that you want to format (or reformat), and then click Format.
2. In the Format dialog box, type a name for the volume in the Volume label box. This is an optional step.
3. Click the file system that you want to use in the File system box. If you want, you can also change the disk allocation unit size, specify whether you want to perform a quick format, or enable file and folder compression on NTFS volumes.
4. Click OK.
5. Click OK when you are prompted to format the volume. The format process starts.
How to view the properties of a basic volume
To view the properties of a partition or logical drive:
1. In the Disk Management window, right-click the partition or logical drive that you want, and then click Properties.
2. Click the appropriate tab to view the appropriate property.
How to delete a partition or a logical drive
To delete a partition or logical drive:
1. In the Disk Management window, right-click the partition or logical drive that you want to delete, and then click Delete Partition or Delete Logical Drive.
2. Click Yes when you are prompted to delete the partition or logical drive. The partition or logical drive is deleted.
Important
• When you delete a partition or a logical drive, all the data on that partition or logical drive, and the partition or the logical drive, are deleted.
• You cannot delete the system partition, boot partition, or a partition that contains the active paging (swap) file.
• You cannot delete an extended partition unless the extended partition is empty. All logical drives in the extended partition must be deleted before you can delete the extended partition.
Troubleshooting
Disk Management displays status descriptions in graphical view and under the Status column of list view to inform you of the current status of the disk or volume. Use these status descriptions to help you detect and troubleshoot disk and volume failures. The following is a partial list of disk and volume status descriptions:
• Online
This is the normal disk status when the disk is accessible and functioning correctly.
• Healthy
This is the normal volume status when the volume is accessible and functioning correctly.
• Unreadable
The disk is inaccessible because of possible hardware failure, corruption, or I/O errors.
To troubleshoot this issue, restart the computer or rescan the disk to try and return the disk to Online status. To rescan the disk, open Computer Management, and then click Disk Management. On the Action menu, click Rescan Disks.
For a complete list of disk and volume status descriptions and troubleshooting procedures, see Disk Management Help. In the Disk Management snap-in or Computer Management window, click Help on the Action menu.
INTRODUCTION
This step-by-step article describes how to use the Windows XP Disk Management snap-in to configure a basic disk and prepare it for use. This article also describes how to create and delete partitions, and how to format volumes with the FAT, FAT32, or NTFS file systems.
MORE INFORMATION
Basic disks and volumes
Basic disk storage supports partition-oriented disks. A basic disk is a physical disk that contains primary partitions, extended partitions, or logical drives. Partitions and logical drives on basic disks are also known as basic volumes. You can create up to four primary partitions, or three primary partitions and one extended partition, that contain logical drives.
If you are running Windows XP Professional and one or more of the following operating systems on the same computer, you must use basic volumes, because these operating systems cannot access data that is stored on dynamic volumes:
• Windows XP Home Edition
• Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 or earlier
• Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition (Me)
• Microsoft Windows 98
• Microsoft Windows 95
• MS-DOS
How to use Disk Management
To start Disk Management:
1. Log on as administrator or as a member of the Administrators group.
2. Click Start, click Run, type compmgmt.msc, and then click OK.
3. In the console tree, click Disk Management. The Disk Management window appears. Your disks and volumes appear in a graphical view and list view. To customize how you view your disks and volumes in the upper and lower panes of the window, point to Top or Bottom on the View menu, and then click the view that you want to use.
NOTE: Microsoft recommends that you create a full back up of your disk contents before you make any changes to your disks or volumes.
How to create a new partition or a new logical drive
To create a new partition or logical drive on a basic disk:
1. In the Disk Management window, complete one of the following procedures, and then continue to step 2:
• To create a new partition, right-click unallocated space on the basic disk where you want to create the partition, and then click New Partition.
• To create a new logical drive in an extended partition, right-click free space on an extended partition where you want to create the logical drive, and then click New Logical Drive.
2. In the New Partition Wizard, click Next.
3. Click the type of partition that you want to create (either Primary partition, Extended partition, or Logical drive), and then click Next.
4. Specify the size of the partition in the Partition size in MB box, and then click Next.
5. Decide whether to manually assign a drive letter, let the system automatically enumerate the drive, or do not assign a drive letter to the new partition or logical drive, and then click Next.
6. Specify the formatting options you want to use by using one of the following procedures:
• If you do not want to format the partition, click Do not format this partition, and then click Next.
• If you want to format the partition, click Format this partition with the following settings, and then complete the following procedure in the Format dialog box:
a. Type a name for the volume in the Volume label box. This is an optional step.
b. Click the file system that you want to use in the File system box.
You can change the disk allocation unit size, and then specify whether to perform a quick format, or enable file and folder compression on NTFS volumes.
Click Next.
7. Confirm that the options that selected are correct, and then click Finish.
The new partition or logical drive is created and appears in the appropriate basic disk in the Disk Management window. If you chose to format the volume in step 6, the format process now starts.
How to format a basic volume
To format a partition, logical drive or basic volume:
1. In the Disk Management window, right-click the partition or logical drive that you want to format (or reformat), and then click Format.
2. In the Format dialog box, type a name for the volume in the Volume label box. This is an optional step.
3. Click the file system that you want to use in the File system box. If you want, you can also change the disk allocation unit size, specify whether you want to perform a quick format, or enable file and folder compression on NTFS volumes.
4. Click OK.
5. Click OK when you are prompted to format the volume. The format process starts.
How to view the properties of a basic volume
To view the properties of a partition or logical drive:
1. In the Disk Management window, right-click the partition or logical drive that you want, and then click Properties.
2. Click the appropriate tab to view the appropriate property.
How to delete a partition or a logical drive
To delete a partition or logical drive:
1. In the Disk Management window, right-click the partition or logical drive that you want to delete, and then click Delete Partition or Delete Logical Drive.
2. Click Yes when you are prompted to delete the partition or logical drive. The partition or logical drive is deleted.
Important
• When you delete a partition or a logical drive, all the data on that partition or logical drive, and the partition or the logical drive, are deleted.
• You cannot delete the system partition, boot partition, or a partition that contains the active paging (swap) file.
• You cannot delete an extended partition unless the extended partition is empty. All logical drives in the extended partition must be deleted before you can delete the extended partition.
Troubleshooting
Disk Management displays status descriptions in graphical view and under the Status column of list view to inform you of the current status of the disk or volume. Use these status descriptions to help you detect and troubleshoot disk and volume failures. The following is a partial list of disk and volume status descriptions:
• Online
This is the normal disk status when the disk is accessible and functioning correctly.
• Healthy
This is the normal volume status when the volume is accessible and functioning correctly.
• Unreadable
The disk is inaccessible because of possible hardware failure, corruption, or I/O errors.
To troubleshoot this issue, restart the computer or rescan the disk to try and return the disk to Online status. To rescan the disk, open Computer Management, and then click Disk Management. On the Action menu, click Rescan Disks.
For a complete list of disk and volume status descriptions and troubleshooting procedures, see Disk Management Help. In the Disk Management snap-in or Computer Management window, click Help on the Action menu.
How to use Backup to protect data and restore files and folders on your computer in Windows XP and Windows Vista
How to use Backup to protect data and restore files and folders on your computer in Windows XP and Windows Vista
INTRODUCTION
This article contains information about how to use the Backup program in Windows XP and in Windows Vista to help protect data and restore files and folders on your computer.
The Backup utility in Windows XP and in Windows Vista helps you protect your data if your hard disk stops working or your files are accidentally erased. With Backup, you can create a copy of all the data on your hard disk, and then archive it on another storage device, such as a hard disk or a tape.
If the original data on your hard disk is accidentally erased, overwritten, or becomes inaccessible because of a hard disk malfunction, you can restore the data from the disk or the archived copy by using the Restore Wizard or the Automated System Recovery Wizard.
Back to the top
MORE INFORMATION
How to use Backup to protect data and restore files and folders
Note You must have administrative or backup operator credentials on your computer to back up and restore files and folders. Backup operators and administrators can back up and restore encrypted files and folders without decrypting the files or folders.
To make sure that you have the latest information about how to use the Backup program in Windows XP and in Windows Vista, visit the following Microsoft Web site
INTRODUCTION
This article contains information about how to use the Backup program in Windows XP and in Windows Vista to help protect data and restore files and folders on your computer.
The Backup utility in Windows XP and in Windows Vista helps you protect your data if your hard disk stops working or your files are accidentally erased. With Backup, you can create a copy of all the data on your hard disk, and then archive it on another storage device, such as a hard disk or a tape.
If the original data on your hard disk is accidentally erased, overwritten, or becomes inaccessible because of a hard disk malfunction, you can restore the data from the disk or the archived copy by using the Restore Wizard or the Automated System Recovery Wizard.
Back to the top
MORE INFORMATION
How to use Backup to protect data and restore files and folders
Note You must have administrative or backup operator credentials on your computer to back up and restore files and folders. Backup operators and administrators can back up and restore encrypted files and folders without decrypting the files or folders.
To make sure that you have the latest information about how to use the Backup program in Windows XP and in Windows Vista, visit the following Microsoft Web site
How To Use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard By Using the Windows XP CD-ROM
How To Use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard By Using the Windows XP CD-ROM
SUMMARY
This step-by-step article describes how to use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard by using the Microsoft Windows XP CD-ROM. You can use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard to transfer settings from one computer to another. This includes your personalized settings for Microsoft Internet Explorer and Microsoft Outlook Express, as well as desktop, display, and dial-up connection settings.
How to Use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard By Using the Microsoft Windows XP CD-ROM
To use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard by using the Microsoft Windows XP CD-ROM, first complete the steps in the "Collect the Files and Settings from the Old Computer" section of this article, and then complete the steps in the "Transfer the Files and Settings to the New Computer" section of this article.
Collect the Files and Settings from the Old Computer
1. Start the File and Settings Transfer Wizard on the computer from which you want to collect the files and settings:
a. Insert the Windows XP CD-ROM into the CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive.
b. Right-click Start, click Explore, and then open the Support\Tools folder on the Windows XP CD-ROM.
c. Double-click the Fastwiz.exe file to start the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard.
2. Click Next.
3. Click Old Computer, and then click Next.
4. Click the transfer method that you want to use, for example, Floppy drive or other removable media, and then click Next.
5. On the What do you want to transfer? screen, click the selections that you want to transfer, and then click Next.
NOTE: When you make a selection, a summary of the items to be transferred appears in the Based on your current selection, the following items will be transferred list. You can use this list to verify that the settings or files that you want will be transferred.
6. The Wizard collects your files and settings. If you selected Floppy drive or other removable media in step 3, you are prompted to insert the media (floppy disk, or other removable media) and then click OK.
7. Click Finish.
Transfer the Files and Settings to the New Computer
1. Log on to the Windows XP-based computer as the user that you want to restore settings for.
2. Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Files and Settings Transfer Wizard.
3. Click Next.
4. On the Which computer is this screen, click New computer, and then click Next.
5. Click I don't need the Wizard Disk. I have already collected my files and settings from my old computer, and then click Next.
6. On the Where are the files and settings? screen, click the same transfer method that you previously selected. For example, Floppy drive or other removable media.
NOTE: If you click Other (for example, a removable drive or network drive), browse to or type the location that contains the collected files and settings.
7. Click Next. If you selected Floppy drive or other removable media, you are prompted to insert disk 1 and then click OK.
8. Click Finish.
9. When you receive the following message, click Yes:
You need to log off for the changes to take effect. Do you want to log off now?
10. Log on to the computer to apply your transferred settings.
Troubleshooting
Some settings may not be restored to your Windows XP-based computer. If the computer from which the files and settings have been transferred contained settings for devices that are either not available on, or incompatible with Windows XP, these settings will not be transferred. A list of files or folders that could not be restored to their original locations appears on the Completing the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard screen of the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard.
The following list includes types of items that may not be transferred:
• Third-party driver files for devices that are not installed on the Windows XP-based computer.
• Network printers that are not available on the Windows XP-based computer
SUMMARY
This step-by-step article describes how to use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard by using the Microsoft Windows XP CD-ROM. You can use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard to transfer settings from one computer to another. This includes your personalized settings for Microsoft Internet Explorer and Microsoft Outlook Express, as well as desktop, display, and dial-up connection settings.
How to Use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard By Using the Microsoft Windows XP CD-ROM
To use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard by using the Microsoft Windows XP CD-ROM, first complete the steps in the "Collect the Files and Settings from the Old Computer" section of this article, and then complete the steps in the "Transfer the Files and Settings to the New Computer" section of this article.
Collect the Files and Settings from the Old Computer
1. Start the File and Settings Transfer Wizard on the computer from which you want to collect the files and settings:
a. Insert the Windows XP CD-ROM into the CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive.
b. Right-click Start, click Explore, and then open the Support\Tools folder on the Windows XP CD-ROM.
c. Double-click the Fastwiz.exe file to start the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard.
2. Click Next.
3. Click Old Computer, and then click Next.
4. Click the transfer method that you want to use, for example, Floppy drive or other removable media, and then click Next.
5. On the What do you want to transfer? screen, click the selections that you want to transfer, and then click Next.
NOTE: When you make a selection, a summary of the items to be transferred appears in the Based on your current selection, the following items will be transferred list. You can use this list to verify that the settings or files that you want will be transferred.
6. The Wizard collects your files and settings. If you selected Floppy drive or other removable media in step 3, you are prompted to insert the media (floppy disk, or other removable media) and then click OK.
7. Click Finish.
Transfer the Files and Settings to the New Computer
1. Log on to the Windows XP-based computer as the user that you want to restore settings for.
2. Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Files and Settings Transfer Wizard.
3. Click Next.
4. On the Which computer is this screen, click New computer, and then click Next.
5. Click I don't need the Wizard Disk. I have already collected my files and settings from my old computer, and then click Next.
6. On the Where are the files and settings? screen, click the same transfer method that you previously selected. For example, Floppy drive or other removable media.
NOTE: If you click Other (for example, a removable drive or network drive), browse to or type the location that contains the collected files and settings.
7. Click Next. If you selected Floppy drive or other removable media, you are prompted to insert disk 1 and then click OK.
8. Click Finish.
9. When you receive the following message, click Yes:
You need to log off for the changes to take effect. Do you want to log off now?
10. Log on to the computer to apply your transferred settings.
Troubleshooting
Some settings may not be restored to your Windows XP-based computer. If the computer from which the files and settings have been transferred contained settings for devices that are either not available on, or incompatible with Windows XP, these settings will not be transferred. A list of files or folders that could not be restored to their original locations appears on the Completing the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard screen of the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard.
The following list includes types of items that may not be transferred:
• Third-party driver files for devices that are not installed on the Windows XP-based computer.
• Network printers that are not available on the Windows XP-based computer
How to use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard with a wizard disk in Windows XP
How to use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard with a wizard disk in Windows XP
SUMMARY
This article describes how to use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard with a Wizard Disk.
MORE INFORMATION
How to use the File and Settings Transfer Wizard
You can use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard to transfer settings from one computer to another computer. The settings that you can transfer include your personalized settings for Microsoft Internet Explorer and Outlook Express, desktop settings, display settings, and dial-up connection settings.
You can also use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard to create a backup copy of your Windows XP settings. You can use this backup copy of your settings to restore your files and settings if you have to reinstall Windows XP.
Create a Wizard Disk
To create a Wizard Disk by using the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard, follow these steps:
1. Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Files and Settings Transfer Wizard.
2. On the Welcome to the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard screen, click Next.
3. On the Which computer is this screen, click Next.
4. On the Do you have a Windows XP CD screen, click I want to create a Wizard Disk in the following drive.
5. In the drive list, click the drive that you want. For example, 3-1/2 Floppy (A:), and then click Next.
6. Insert a blank formatted disk into the drive, and then click OK to create the Wizard Disk.
7. Remove the Wizard Disk, and then click Cancel.
Collect the files and settings from the old computer
1. Start the File and Settings Transfer Wizard on the computer that you want to collect the files and settings from:
a. Insert the Wizard Disk into the drive of the computer that you want.
b. Click Start, and then click Run.
c. In the Open box, type:
drive:Fastwiz
Where drive is the drive that contains the Wizard Disk (such as A:Fastwiz).
d. Click OK.
2. On the Welcome to the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard screen, click Next.
3. On the Select a transfer method screen, click the transfer method that you want. For example, Floppy drive or other removable media, and then click Next.
4. On the What do you want to transfer? screen, click the selection that you want, and then click Next.
Note When you make a selection, a summary of the items that will be transferred appears in the Based on your current selection, the following items will be transferred list. You can use this list to verify that the settings or the files that you want will be transferred.
The Wizard collects your files and settings. If you selected Floppy drive or other removable media in step 3, you are prompted to insert the media disk. When you are prompted, click OK.
5. On the Completing the Collection Phase screen, click Finish.
Transfer the files and settings to the new computer
1. Log on to the Windows XP-based computer.
2. Click start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Files and Settings Transfer Wizard.
3. On the Welcome to the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard screen, click Next.
4. On the Which computer is this screen, click New computer, and then click Next.
5. On the Do you have a Windows XP CD screen, click I don't need the Wizard Disk. I have already collected my files and settings from my old computer, and then click Next.
6. On the Where are the files and settings? screen, click the same transfer method that you selected in step 3 in the "Collect the files and settings from the old computer" section. For example, Floppy drive or other removable media.
Note If you click Other (for example, a removable drive or network drive), locate or type the location that contains the collected files and settings.
Click Next. If you selected Floppy drive or other removable media, you are prompted to insert disk 1. When you are prompted, click OK.
The Wizard transfers the files and settings.
7. On the Completing the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard screen, click Finish. You receive the following message:
You need to log off for the changes to take effect. Do you want to log off now?
8. Click Yes to log off.
9. Log on to the computer to apply your transferred settings.
Troubleshooting
Some settings may not be restored to your Windows XP-based computer. Settings for devices that are either not available on or incompatible with Windows XP will not be transferred. A list of files or folders that were not be restored to their original locations appears on the Completing the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard screen of the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard.
The following types of items may not be transferred:
• Third-party driver files for devices that are not installed on the Windows XP-based computer.
• Network printers that are not available on the Windows XP-based computer.
SUMMARY
This article describes how to use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard with a Wizard Disk.
MORE INFORMATION
How to use the File and Settings Transfer Wizard
You can use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard to transfer settings from one computer to another computer. The settings that you can transfer include your personalized settings for Microsoft Internet Explorer and Outlook Express, desktop settings, display settings, and dial-up connection settings.
You can also use the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard to create a backup copy of your Windows XP settings. You can use this backup copy of your settings to restore your files and settings if you have to reinstall Windows XP.
Create a Wizard Disk
To create a Wizard Disk by using the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard, follow these steps:
1. Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Files and Settings Transfer Wizard.
2. On the Welcome to the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard screen, click Next.
3. On the Which computer is this screen, click Next.
4. On the Do you have a Windows XP CD screen, click I want to create a Wizard Disk in the following drive.
5. In the drive list, click the drive that you want. For example, 3-1/2 Floppy (A:), and then click Next.
6. Insert a blank formatted disk into the drive, and then click OK to create the Wizard Disk.
7. Remove the Wizard Disk, and then click Cancel.
Collect the files and settings from the old computer
1. Start the File and Settings Transfer Wizard on the computer that you want to collect the files and settings from:
a. Insert the Wizard Disk into the drive of the computer that you want.
b. Click Start, and then click Run.
c. In the Open box, type:
drive:Fastwiz
Where drive is the drive that contains the Wizard Disk (such as A:Fastwiz).
d. Click OK.
2. On the Welcome to the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard screen, click Next.
3. On the Select a transfer method screen, click the transfer method that you want. For example, Floppy drive or other removable media, and then click Next.
4. On the What do you want to transfer? screen, click the selection that you want, and then click Next.
Note When you make a selection, a summary of the items that will be transferred appears in the Based on your current selection, the following items will be transferred list. You can use this list to verify that the settings or the files that you want will be transferred.
The Wizard collects your files and settings. If you selected Floppy drive or other removable media in step 3, you are prompted to insert the media disk. When you are prompted, click OK.
5. On the Completing the Collection Phase screen, click Finish.
Transfer the files and settings to the new computer
1. Log on to the Windows XP-based computer.
2. Click start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Files and Settings Transfer Wizard.
3. On the Welcome to the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard screen, click Next.
4. On the Which computer is this screen, click New computer, and then click Next.
5. On the Do you have a Windows XP CD screen, click I don't need the Wizard Disk. I have already collected my files and settings from my old computer, and then click Next.
6. On the Where are the files and settings? screen, click the same transfer method that you selected in step 3 in the "Collect the files and settings from the old computer" section. For example, Floppy drive or other removable media.
Note If you click Other (for example, a removable drive or network drive), locate or type the location that contains the collected files and settings.
Click Next. If you selected Floppy drive or other removable media, you are prompted to insert disk 1. When you are prompted, click OK.
The Wizard transfers the files and settings.
7. On the Completing the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard screen, click Finish. You receive the following message:
You need to log off for the changes to take effect. Do you want to log off now?
8. Click Yes to log off.
9. Log on to the computer to apply your transferred settings.
Troubleshooting
Some settings may not be restored to your Windows XP-based computer. Settings for devices that are either not available on or incompatible with Windows XP will not be transferred. A list of files or folders that were not be restored to their original locations appears on the Completing the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard screen of the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard.
The following types of items may not be transferred:
• Third-party driver files for devices that are not installed on the Windows XP-based computer.
• Network printers that are not available on the Windows XP-based computer.
The purpose of the Boot.ini file in Windows XP
The purpose of the Boot.ini file in Windows XP
INTRODUCTION
This article describes the purpose and contents of the Boot.ini file.
MORE INFORMATION
Windows (specifically Ntldr) uses the Boot.ini file to determine which operating system options to display when the Startup program is running. By default, Boot.ini is not flagged as a read-only system file and generally does not require any manual modification.
If you must change the contents of this file, use the System tool in Control Panel:
1. Click Start button, click Control Panel, and then double-click System.
2. Click the Advanced tab, and then click Settings under Startup and Recovery.
Typically, the Boot.ini file contains the following data:
[boot loader]
timeout=30
default=scsi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\winnt
[operating systems]
scsi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\winnt = "Windows NT" /NODEBUG C:\ = "Previous Operating System on C:\"
The following list describes the meaning of the data in the Boot.ini file:
• The "timeout" variable specifies how long Windows waits before choosing the default operating system.
• The "default" variable specifies the default operating system.
• The term "scsi(0)" means that the primary controller (that is frequently the only controller) is responsible for the device. If there are two SCSI controllers, and the disk is associated with the second controller, the controller is named "scsi(1)".
If the system uses IDE, enhanced IDE (EIDE), or Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI) drives, or if the system uses a SCSI adapter that does not have a built-in BIOS, replace "scsi" with "multi".
• The term "disk(0)" refers to the SCSI logical unit (LUN) to use. This may be a separate disk, but most SCSI setups have only one LUN for each SCSI ID.
• The term "rdisk(0)" refers to physical disk 1.
• The term "partition(1)" is the partition on the first drive in the computer. If there are two partitions, partition C is partition(1) and partition D is partition(2).
• A multi-boot parameter calls for checking the Winnt folder to start from a specified SCSI controller's disk and partition.
• "/NODEBUG" specifies that no debugging information is being monitored. Debugging information is useful only for developers.
• You can add the /SOS option to display driver names while the drivers are being loaded. By default, the OS Loader screen only shows progress dots.
• "Previous Operating System on C:\" implies that the "previous operating system" is MS-DOS, because "C:\" is an MS-DOS path.
INTRODUCTION
This article describes the purpose and contents of the Boot.ini file.
MORE INFORMATION
Windows (specifically Ntldr) uses the Boot.ini file to determine which operating system options to display when the Startup program is running. By default, Boot.ini is not flagged as a read-only system file and generally does not require any manual modification.
If you must change the contents of this file, use the System tool in Control Panel:
1. Click Start button, click Control Panel, and then double-click System.
2. Click the Advanced tab, and then click Settings under Startup and Recovery.
Typically, the Boot.ini file contains the following data:
[boot loader]
timeout=30
default=scsi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\winnt
[operating systems]
scsi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\winnt = "Windows NT" /NODEBUG C:\ = "Previous Operating System on C:\"
The following list describes the meaning of the data in the Boot.ini file:
• The "timeout" variable specifies how long Windows waits before choosing the default operating system.
• The "default" variable specifies the default operating system.
• The term "scsi(0)" means that the primary controller (that is frequently the only controller) is responsible for the device. If there are two SCSI controllers, and the disk is associated with the second controller, the controller is named "scsi(1)".
If the system uses IDE, enhanced IDE (EIDE), or Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI) drives, or if the system uses a SCSI adapter that does not have a built-in BIOS, replace "scsi" with "multi".
• The term "disk(0)" refers to the SCSI logical unit (LUN) to use. This may be a separate disk, but most SCSI setups have only one LUN for each SCSI ID.
• The term "rdisk(0)" refers to physical disk 1.
• The term "partition(1)" is the partition on the first drive in the computer. If there are two partitions, partition C is partition(1) and partition D is partition(2).
• A multi-boot parameter calls for checking the Winnt folder to start from a specified SCSI controller's disk and partition.
• "/NODEBUG" specifies that no debugging information is being monitored. Debugging information is useful only for developers.
• You can add the /SOS option to display driver names while the drivers are being loaded. By default, the OS Loader screen only shows progress dots.
• "Previous Operating System on C:\" implies that the "previous operating system" is MS-DOS, because "C:\" is an MS-DOS path.
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